Effect of Soft Drink, Electronic Media Exposure, Family Income, Pocket Money, and Nutritional Status, on Age at Menarche Among Adolescents in Surakarta
Abstract
Background: Age at menarche has become earlier for the last 100 years. This situation poses worrying problem as it may be lead to an increased risk of premarital sex, teenage pregnancy, mental unpreparedness, and increased risk of malignant diseases such as ovarial cancer and breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the effect of soft drink, electronic media exposure, family income, pocket money, and nutritional status, on age at menarche among adolescents in Surakarta.
Subjects and Methods: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, from February to March, 2017. A sample of 100 female adolescents was selected by simple random sampling from several Junior High Schools in Surakarta. The exogenous variables were nutritional status, family income, and electronic media exposure. The endogenous variables were age at menarche, soft drink consumption, and pocket money. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis.
Results: Age at menarche was affected by electronic media exposure (b=-0.65; SE=0.25;
References
Ahmed S, Waheed M, Ahmad F, Danish H (2016). Factors contributing to early menarche in school girls. J Pak Med Assoc 66(5).
Aini NS (2013). Faktor Risiko yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Gizi Lebih pada Remaja di Perkotaan. Unnes Journal of Public Health 2(1).
Al-Agha A, Saeedi R, Tatwany B (2014). Correlation between Nutrition and Early Puberty in Girls Living in Jeddah Saudi Arabia. Women
Al-Awadhi N, Al-Kandari N, Al-Hasan T, Ali S, Al-Taiar A (2013). Age at Menarche and its relationship to body mass index among adolescent girls in Kuwait. Biomed Central 13:29.
Castilho SD, Pinheiro CD, Bento CA, Barros-Filho AA, Cocetti M (2012). Secular trends in age at menarche in relation to body mass index. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 56: 195-200.
Carwile JL, Wilett WC, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Rich-Edwards J, Frazier AL, Michels KB (2015). Sugar sweetened beverage consumption and age at menarche in prospective study of US girls. Human Reproduction 30(3): 675-683.
Dilapanga A (2008). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Perilaku Konsumsi Soft Drinks pada Siswa SMP Negeri 1 Ciputat Tahun 2008. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah.
Irianto K (2014). Gizi Seimbang dalam Kesehatan Reproduksi. Bandung: Alfabeta Bandung.
Karapanou O, Papadimitriou A (2010). Determinants of menarche. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 8(115).
Khalid H, Khawar K, Fawad M, Farhat M, Imran M, Shahnawaz M, Shahid M, Yousaf P, Saleem Q, Ahmed S, Sarwar R, Ali KH, Humayun A (2015). Age of Menarche in Relation to Sosioeconomic Status BMI, physical Activity and Stress Among High School Girls. Proceeding S.Z.P.G.M.I 29: 35-40.
Kelly Y, Zilanawala A, Sacker A, Hiatt R, Vinner R (2016). Early Puberty in 11 Year old Girls: Millennium Cohort Study Findings. Arc Dis Child 0: 1-6.
Lancet Oncologi (2012). Menarche, menopouse, and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant meta-analysis, including 118964 Women With Breast Cancer From 117 Epidemiologi Studies. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpmcarticlesPMC3488186/. Diakses pada tanggal 15 Desember 2016.
Lim JS, Lee HS, Kim EY, Yi KH, Hwang JS (2014). Early Menarche Increase the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle aged Korean Women. Diabetes Medicine, 4: 521-5.
Mueller N, Jacobs DR, Maclehose FR, Demerath E, Kelly PS, Dreyfus J, Pereira AP (2015). Consumption of Caffeinated and Artificially Swetened Soft Drinks is Assocoated With Risk of Early Menarche. American Society for Nutrition. 102: 648-54.
NSW Centre for Public Health Nutrition (2009). Soft Drinks, Weight Status and Health a Review. The University of Sidney.
Radha SS, Chellappan (2015). Age at Menarche and its Relation With Nutritional ans Sosioeconomic Status A study Among Adolescent School Girls. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 4(6).
Raje L (2017). Age at Menarche Diet and Phsysical Activity. International food and Nutritional Science 6(1).
Riset Kesehatan Dasar (2010) Laporan Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) Nasional. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Riskesdas (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar. http://www.depkes.go.id/resources-download general-Hasil-20Riskesdas%202013.pdf. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2016.
Romauli S, Vindari VA (2011). Kesehatan Reproduksi. Yogyakarta: 2011.
Suryati A, Lestari T (2011). Pengalaman dan pemahaman remaja usia awal (preteen) tentang seksualitas di Bekasi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Kesehatan 2(2).
Yadaf R, Choubey J (2017). Effect of Socio-economic Status on the Onset of Menarche. Indian J.Sci.Res. 13 (2).
Wulandari P, Aini D, Astuti S (2015). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan Kejadian Menarche Siswi di SMPN 31 Semarang. Jurnal Keperawatan. 6(2).
