e-ISSN: 2549-0257 Publisher: Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia Editor in Chief: Prof. Rita Benya Adriani Study Program in Nursing, School of Health Polytechnics, Ministry of Health, Surakarta Description: Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH) is an electronic, open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes research articles on a broad range of topics related to maternal and child health. The journal began its publication on January, 2016, and was published four times yearly. Due to an increasing demand of research work publication, starting Volume 4 Issue 5 the JMCH is published bi-monthly, consisting of 12 articles in each issue. This journal aims to improve knowledge in maternal and child health, and ultimately the health of maternal and child population worldwide. JMCH covers a broad range of disciplines including obstetrics, gynecology, reproductive health, pediatrics, neonatology, nutrition, family planning, developmental psychology, sociology, demography, epidemiology, public health, and preventive medicine. The journal addresses such topics as social determinants of health and disease and disparities in communicable and non-communicable diseases burden affecting the health of infants, children, women, adolescents, and families across the lifespan. Diseases or health care issues affecting populations in the developing world are currently under-documented and underreported in the existing international journals. Therefore, the JMCH encourages authors from developing countries to publish their research papers in this journal. All articles are immediately and permanently free to read and download in pdf files. All of the papers published are freely available as downloadable pdf files. JMCH is currently abstracted and indexed in CABI Global Health, Google Scholar, CrossRef, SINTA, GARUDA. This journal is accredited by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Government of Indonesia, No 85/M/KPT/2020 No. 21/E/KPT/2018, effective from April 2020 to 2025.
Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
The Effect of Soybean Milk (Glycine Max L.) on Reducing Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels in Women of Reproductive Age
Background: Women of reproductive age often experience problems with blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Therefore, researchers innovated in an effort to stabilize blood pressure and cholesterol levels in women of reproductive age by providing an intervention of soy milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soy milk administration on reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels in women of reproductive age. Subjects and Methods: This study used a Quasi-Experimental design with Pretest-Posttest Control. The research location was the Pangaribuan Community Health Center, Pangaribuan District, North Tapanuli Regency. Data collection was conducted in June 2025. The two groups consisted of an intervention group receiving 40 grams of soy milk and a control group receiving education on blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The dependent variables studied were blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and the independent variable was soy milk. The analysis techniques used were Repeated Measures ANOVA and Paired Sample T-Test. Results: The average systolic blood pressure in the intervention group after being given soy milk was lower (Mean= 133.92; SD= 10.20) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 143.82; SD= 5.48) and was statistically significant (p <0.001), the average diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group after being given soy milk was lower (Mean= 86.88; SD= 5.08) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 92.88; SD= 5.44) and was statistically significant (p <0.001), the average cholesterol level in the intervention group after being given soy milk was lower (Mean= 232.94; SD= 7.56) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 261.24; SD= 13.27) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: Soy milk is effective in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cholesterol levels in women of childbearing age.
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Family Role on the Pregnant Women’s Knowledge Toward Obstetric Danger Signs
Background: Obstetric danger signs are an important indicator that pregnant women need to recognize to prevent complications and reduce maternal mortality. This study aims to analyze the determinants of knowledge about obstetric danger signs in pregnant women, with a special focus on the role of family function as measured by the family APGAR instrument. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 48 pregnant women who visited the Padang Bulan Community Health Center, Medan, during August-September 2024. The dependent variable is the level of knowledge about obstetric danger signs. Independent variables were age, education level, employment status, number of pregnancies (parity), income, and family function (APGAR score). Data collection was conducted using questionnaires on obstetric danger signs and family APGAR instruments. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square), and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis. Results: The majority of subjects (72.9%) had good knowledge of obstetric danger signs. Bivariate analysis showed that education level (p=0.008) and family function (p=0.005) had a significant relationship with knowledge level, while age, employment status, parity, and income showed no significant relationship. Multivariate analysis confirmed that highly functional family function (OR= 10.47; 95% CI= 1.56 to 70.40; p =0.016) and higher education levels (OR= 6.83; 95% CI= 1.31 to 35.61; p = 0.023) were significant independent predictors for good knowledge of obstetric danger signs. Conclusion: Family function and education level are the main determinants of pregnant women's knowledge about obstetric danger signs. Maternal health education programs need to consider family involvement and pay special attention to pregnant women with low levels of education to improve understanding of obstetric danger signs, which can ultimately contribute to a decrease in maternal morbidity and mortality rates.
Effect of Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation on the Infants Birth Weight: A Meta-Analysis
Background: Low birth weight (LBW), defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams, is associated with an increased risk of neonatal mortality and developmental disorders. Efforts to prevent and manage LBW can be made through the administration of iron and folic acid supplements during pregnancy. This study aims to estimate and analyze the effect of iron and folic acid supplementation on the birth of infants with low birth weight. Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant previous studies conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. The population included pregnant women, interventions involving iron and folic acid supplementation compared to no supplementation, and outcomes related to low birth weight. Article searches were conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, published between 2013 and 2025. The search terms were ("Pregnant woman" OR "Expectant mother") AND ("Iron and folic acid supplements" OR "IFA supplements") AND ("Low Birth Weight" OR "Low-weight newborns"). Inclusion criteria included full-text articles with a cross-sectional study design and reporting adjusted odds ratio (aOR) values. Findings from the primary research articles were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. Results: The included primary studies comprised 21 articles from China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Malawi, and Ethiopia. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that pregnant women who consumed iron and folic acid supplements had an average 0.87 unit lower risk of giving birth to LBW infants compared to pregnant women who did not consume iron and folic acid supplements (aOR= 0.87; 95% CI = 0.75 to 1.00; p= 0.040). Conclusion: The administration of iron and folic acid supplements can reduce the incidence of low birth weight.
Infant Massage and Its Effects on Maternal-Infant Bonding, Sleep Quality, and Jaundice Reduction: A Meta-Analysis
Background: Baby massage is defined as the oldest tactile therapy practiced for hundreds of years and can affect a baby's development. Baby massage is essential for the emotional bonding process of mother and child. In terms of sleep quality, massaged babies will have better sleep quality. Baby massage is also effective in lowering blood bilirubin levels in babies with jaundice. This study aims to estimate the effect size based on the results of previous similar primary studies. Subjects and Method: A meta-analysis was conducted on a number of primary studies with a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) design. The research questions were conducted in the PICO format. Population: infants aged 0-3 years, Intervention: infant massage, Comparison: no infant massage, Outcome: emotional relationship between mother and child, sleep quality, blood bilirubin level. The article search was conducted using a database of journals including PubMed, Sains direct, Google Scholar, Publish or Perish and SpringerLink Articles for the 2012-2023 period with the keywords "baby massage" or "infant massage" and "sleep quality" or "baby sleep quality" and "attachment" or " bonding" and "jaundice" or "hyperbilirubinemia" and "randomized control trial". Data analysis in this study was carried out using the Review Manager application (RevMan 5.4). Results: This meta-analysis was conducted on 20 primary studies of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), originating from Indonesia, Taiwan, Iran, Turkey, and Iceland. The total sample size is 2,043 children. The results of the meta-analysis discovered that infant massage lowered bilirubin levels (SMD = -2.07; 95% CI = -2.71 to -1.43, p<0.001). Infant massage improved sleep quality (SMD = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.44 to 1.36, p<0.001) and maternal and child emotional bonding (SMD = 9.92; 95% CI= 7.72 to 12.12, p<0.001). Conclusion: Baby massage lowers bilirubin levels. Baby massage improves the quality of sleep and the emotional relationship of mother and child.
Socioeconomic Factor Association to Knowledge and Attitude of Indonesian Young Adults Regarding Family Planning: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study
Background: Young adults are prone to unwanted pregnancy due to their nature of self-discovery, identity construction, poor knowledge, and low birth self-efficacy. This study aims to identify which socioeconomic factors are associated with knowledge and attitude toward family planning in Indonesian young adults. Subjects and Method: This cross-sectional, observational, multicenter research was conducted in 27 universities across Java and Sumatra using convenience sampling. Indonesian citizens aged 16–25 were recruited to complete an online questionnaire, with minimum sample size of 349 participants. The dependent variable were knowledge and attitude levels were measured using translated and validated questionnaire. The independent variable were socioeconomic factors were assessed using self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square and odds ratio were used to identify significant associations, followed by logistic regression for independent analysis. Results: From total of 581 participants, knowledge of family planning was significantly higher in females (OR= 1.50; p= 0.036), married respondents (OR= 0.20; p <0.001), those with children (OR= 2.12; p= 0.040), contraceptive users (OR= 0.49; p = 0.043), respondents from health-related backgrounds (OR= 2.82; p <0.001), and those with higher media exposure (OR= 4.29; p <0.001).Among these, respondents using contraception (OR= 0.48; p= 0.033) and with higher media exposure (OR= 1.63; p=0.017) demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward family planning. Conclusion: This study identified media exposure and access to education as key factors influencing knowledge and attitudes toward family planning. In the globalization era, media exposure has the potential to dismantle entrenched socioeconomic barriers, narrowing gaps between privileged and disadvantaged groups. These findings highlight the role of social media as an important educational tool that can bridge demographic and socioeconomic divides.
Correlation between Blood Sodium and CD4 Level in Pediatrics with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Background: Electrolyte disorders such as hyponatremia are often found in human immuno­deficiency virus (HIV) patients. It is closely correlated with HIV morbidity and mortality. Sodium levels have also been reported to correlate with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) in adult subjects, but it is not yet known how in children with HIV infection.This study conducted to analyze the correlation between electrolyte levels, especially sodium, and CD4 levels in children with HIV infection. Subjects and Method: Descriptive analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The subjects were 42 pediatric HIV patients aged 0-18 years who were willing to undergo sodium and CD4 level examinations. Subjects with liver cancer, liver cirrhosis and cardiovascular disease and opportu­nistic infections in HIV were excluded. Subjects were selected by consecutive sampling. The dependent variables was blood sodium levels, while the independent variables was CD4 counts, and the confounding variables were age, and ARV duration use. Sodium levels were measured using the Cbs400, Jokoh ex-d and smarlyte devices while CD4 levels were measured using the BD FACSCount device by flow cytometry. The correlation between sodium and ARV duration use on CD4 levels analyzed by Pearson test, while correlation between patient’s age and CD4 levels analyzed by Spearman rank test. The multiple linear regression used to control the confounding variables. Results: The average sodium level in pediatric HIV patients at Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Regional General Hospital (Mean= 131.19; SD= 5.68 mEq/L), while the average CD4 level (Mean= 940.40; SD= 464.81 cells/μL). Pearson test showed a positive and weak correlation between sodium levels and CD4 counts (r= 0.32; p = 0.040), meaning that the higher the sodium level, the higher the CD4 count. There was a negative and very weak correlation with the duration of ARV use (r= -0.18; p= 0.254), meaning that the higher the sodium level, the lower the CD4 count. Spearman Rank test showed a correlation between age and CD4 count (r= -0.52; p<0.001), meaning that the older the person, the lower the CD4 count. The results of linear regression showed that there was a significant influence between sodium levels on CD4 count (b= 24.99; p= 0.029) and patient age (b= -55.21; p=0.003). Conclusion: Sodium levels have a moderate positive correlation with CD4 levels in pediatric patients with HIV infection. Examination of sodium levels can be an additional parameter in routine monitoring of the immunodeficiency status of pediatric HIV patients.
Path Analysis of the Relationship between Nutritional Status, Maternal Knowledge, Dietary Compliance and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Background: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of blood cancer in children. Treatment for ALL may affect the patient's quality of life. Factors such as nutritional status, maternal knowledge of nutrition, and dietary compliance play a role in determining the quality of life of children with ALL. This study aims to analyze the relationship between nutritional status, maternal knowledge, and dietary compliance with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with ALL. Subjects and Method: This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 52 children with ALL at the Pediatric Hematology Clinic of Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital in October-November 2024. The independent variables were nutritional status, maternal knowledge, and dietary compliance, while the dependent variable was HRQoL. Data were collected using anthropometric instruments and questionnaires, then analyzed with single logistic regression and path analysis. Results: Single logistic regression analysis showed that nutritional status (OR= 4.60; 95% CI= 1.311 to 16.139; p = 0.017) and dietary compliance (OR= 4.82; 95% CI= 1.39 to 16.78; p= 0.013) were significantly associated with HRQoL. Maternal knowledge had no significant effect (OR= 1.88; 95% CI = 0.35 to 10.18; p = 0.467). Path analysis showed that nutritional status, dietary compliance, and body mass index had a direct positive association with the child's quality of life. The path analysis model showed a good fit with the data (goodness of fit p = 0.594). Conclusion: Nutritional status and dietary compliance are major factors in improving the quality of life of children with ALL. Although maternal knowledge does not have a direct effect, the mother's role remains important through improving the child's dietary compliance. Multidisciplinary interventions that integrate nutrition education and family support are needed to enhance HRQoL in pediatric patients with ALL.
The Influence of Environmental Sanitation on Incidence of Stunting: A Systematic Review
Background: Stunting is a chronic health problem that has long-term impacts on child growth and development, especially in developing countries. Poor environmental sanitation is believed to be one of the main risk factors; however, this needs to be further examined based on empirical study findings. This study aims to analyze this issue systematically. Subjects and Method: This is a systematic review using the PRISMA Flow Diagram. The PICO framework includes: Population (P): Children under five years of age; Intervention (I): Poor environmental sanitation; Comparison (C): Adequate environmental sanitation; Outcome (O): Stunting. Articles were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Keywords used were “hygiene AND sanitation AND stunting AND under five AND cross-sectional.” The quality of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool. Results: A total of 9 articles from four studies were conducted in Asia, all of which from Indonesia, and five studies were conducted in Africa, all of which from the Ethiopia, indicated that access to proper sanitation, clean water, as well as appropriate feces disposal and handwashing practices, are strongly associated with a reduction in stunting incidence. The risk of stunting increases among children living in environments with unimproved latrines, untreated drinking water, and poor hygiene practices. Additional factors such as the child’s age, mother’s education level, and socioeconomic status also influence stunting outcomes. Conclusion: Inadequate environmental sanitation plays a significant role in the occurrence of stunting. Preventive interventions should prioritize improving sanitation access, promoting hygiene behavior education, and implementing cross-sectoral approaches to sustainably reduce stunting prevalence.
Cancer in Pregnancy in Indonesia: A Global Review and 2022–2025 Cohort Analysis of Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
Background: Cancer during pregnancy is rare but presents serious challenges, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia. Limited national data, delayed diagnosis, and lack of standardized care make management difficult. Global awareness is growing, but regional differences in outcomes remain poorly understood. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cancer during pregnancy, including its clinical characteristics and maternal-fetal outcomes both in Indonesian and global data. Subjects and Method: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines from databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and additional search, published between 2022 and April 2025. The included studies reported the global depiction of pregnancy-associated cancer. Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of observational included studies, while the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for assessment of case reports. Results: A total of 14 studies were included based on the criteria, with a total population of 29,403 pregnant women associated with cancer. From this systematic review, the most found cancers during pregnancy were breast cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer, both from Indonesian data and global studies. Compared to global studies, obstetric complications were more prevalent in Indonesia, including preterm birth (64% vs 52%, respectively); very preterm birth (22% vs 15%, respectively); caesarean delivery (76% vs 65%, respectively); preeclampsia (18% vs 12%, respecti­vely); and postpartum haemorrhage (15% vs 10%, respectively). Conclusion: The global literature shows wide variation in cancer types, gestational timing, and outcomes. Indonesian cohort data show higher rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, and maternal complications compared to global averages. Delays in diagnosis and limited access to integrated cancer-obstetric care may explain these differences. The findings support the urgent need for national guidelines, early detection programs, and multidisciplinary care models for managing cancer in pregnancy in resource-limited settings.
The Influence of Maternal Factors on Caesarean Section at North Borneo Regional Hospital, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Background: In this modern era, caesarean section (C-section) is sometimes an alternative choice for the desired childbirth. However, it should be understood that Caesarean section is a surgical procedure that must be performed based on medical indications and has risks. Knowing what factors can influence the selection of C-section procedures is important so that the SC is properly carried out on an emergency indication. This study aimed to analyze the factors that affect the delivery of caesarean section at the Tarakan General Hospital, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Tarakan General Hospital, North Kalimantan, Indonesia, in April 2024. The sample size was 748 post natal women. The dependent variable was type of birth delivery. The independent variables were cephalopelvic disproportion, preeclampsia, prolonged labor, premature rupture of membranes, maternal age, and parity. Data were obtained from medical records and analyzed using a multiple logistic regression. Results: Premature rupture of membranes (aOR= 7.7; 95% CI= 6.99 to 8.02; p= 0.001) and prolonged labor (aOR= 1.9; 95% CI= 1.21 to 3.6; p= 0.029) increased the likelihood of cesarean section. Conclusion: Premature rupture of membranes and prolonged labor increase the likelihood of cesarean section.
Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Protected Well and Measles Vaccination on Stunting in Children Under Five
Background: Stunting is a condition where children's growth fails (body and brain growth) due to malnutrition for a long time. The incidence of stunting in toddlers needs special attention because it can hinder children's physical and mental development. This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of protected wells and the measles vaccine on the incidence of stunting in children under five, with a meta-analysis based on primary studies conducted previously. Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out in PICO format. Population: Children under five. Intervention: Protected Wells and Measles vaccine status. Comparison: Unprotected Well and Status not vaccinated against measles. Outcome: Stunting incidence. Article searches were carried out using several databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springerlink. The keywords used are "Protected well" AND Measles vaccine" AND "Stunting in toddlers". Inclusion criteria for the included articles were full-text articles with a cross-sectional design from 2015 to 2023. This study was conducted following PRISMA flow diagram guidelines. Data was analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application. Results: 12 cross-sectional studies from Asia and Africa were selected for meta-analysis. the total sample was 48,128 toddlers. Protected well (aOR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.75 to 1.00; p= 0.040) and measles vaccine (aOR= 0.59; 95% CI= 0.27 to 1.29; p= 0.190) reduce the risk of stunting in children under five. Conclusion: Protected wells and administering the measles vaccine reduce the incidence of stunting in toddlers.
Social Capital and Antenatal Care: A Multilevel Analysis of Uptake Among Pregnant Women in Kuningan, West Java
Background: Antenatal care (ANC) services are activities and or a series of activities that are carried out from the occurrence of the conception period until before the start of the comprehensive and quality delivery process provided to all pregnant women. This study aims to analyze the relation­ship between education, family income, social capital of pregnant women, and posyandu strata with the use of ANC in posyandu. Subjects and Method: The study is an observational study using a cross-sectional design. This study was conducted in Kuningan Regency, West Java with a population of all pregnant women, from May to June 2024. A sample of 201 pregnant women >6 months was randomly selected. The dependent variable is the use of ANC in posyandu. The independent variables in this study were maternal education, family income, social capital and posyandu strata. Data collection was carried out by interviews with respondents and assisted by questionnaires and analyzed by square test and multilevel multiple logistic regression model. Results: ANC visit among pregnant women in posyandu increased with high maternal education (OR= 2.78; 95% CI= 1.25 to 6.18; p= 0.012), high family income (OR= 2.19; 95% CI= 1.05 to 4.57; p= 0.036) and strong social capital (OR = 4.43; 95% CI = 2.22 to 8.86; p <0.001). Multi­level analysis showed a strong contextual influence of posyandu (ICC 18.6%; p = 0.008). Conclusion: The use of ANC for pregnant women in posyandu increased with high maternal edu­ca­tion, high family income and strong social capital. Multilevel analysis shows strong contextual influ­ence of posyandu.
Parental Insight and Action: Exploring the Link Between Knowledge and Early Childhood Dental Caries Prevention in Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia
Background: The most common case of dental and oral diseases suffered by early childhood is dental caries, dental caries can be prevented, one of which is by modifying the thoughts, lifestyle, and daily habits of the parents. One of the models that can be used to change dental caries prevention behavior is by using the Health Belief Model (HBM). The purpose of this study is to identify factors such as vulnerability perception, seriousness perception, benefit perception, obstacle perception, motivation to act and parental self-efficacy towards dental caries prevention behavior in early childhood in Sukoharjo Regency. Subject and Method: This study was conducted using a quantitative approach with an analytical observational research method with a cross-sectional research design. The sample amounted to 111 parents from children aged 6 to 8 years in Weru District, Sukoharjo Regency with the Multistage Cluster Random Sampling technique. This study uses primary data sources with data collection techniques through questionnaires and then multivariate analysis with multiple linear regression methods. The content of the questionnaire includes behavior to prevent dental caries in children based on parental perception and parental knowledge about dental caries prevention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) construct. Results: There was a positive association of vulnerability perception (b=0.16; CI 95%= 0.01 to 0.17; p=0.024), perception of seriousness (b=0.16; CI 95%= 0.01 to 0.19; p=0.050), perception of benefits (b=0.173; CI 95%= 0.005 to 0.21; p=0.040), action signal (b=0.21; CI 95%= 0.01 to 0.27; p=0.036), and self-efficacy (b=0.19; CI 95%= 0.01 to 0.21; p=0.037) on the behavior of preventing dental caries in children, and there was a negative relationship between the perception of obstacles (b=0.15; CI 95%= 0.01 to 0.13; p=0.047) on the behavior of preventing dental caries in children. Conclusion: Perception of vulnerability, perception of seriousness, perception of benefit, action cues, and parental self-efficacy have a positive effect on dental caries prevention behavior in children. On the other hand, the perception of obstacles from parents has a negative effect on dental caries prevention behavior in children.
The Effect of Combination Catfish Nuggets and Omega-3 Eggs in Addressing Stunting in Toddlers
Background: Stunting is still a scourge for Indonesia society, the incidence of which has not been reduce to date. Accelerating the reduction in stunting rates is still a priority for the Indonesian government in order to immediately achieve the reduction according to the expected target. Good and healthy nutritional conditions during infancy (under five years of age) are an important foundation for their health and well-being in the future. This study aimed to determine the effect of combination of catfish nuggets and omega-3 eggs in overcoming stunting in toddlers. Subjects and Method: Method of this study used true experimental with a two group pretest post-test control group design. The total samples of 30 toddlers was divided into 2 groups of 15 respondents each group, it was the intervention group which was given combination of catfish nuggets and Omega-3 Eggs and the control group which was not given it during 2 weeks. Technique sampling was cluster random sampling. The instrument used lenghtboard for height and observation form for combination of catfish nuggets and Omega-3 Eggs. Data analysis used Wilcoxon test. Results: The mean of height for toddlers increased after given combination of catfish nuggets and Omega-3 Eggs (Mean =-2.17; SD= 0.97) compared to before intervention (Mean= -2.52; SD= 0.87), and the results were statistically significant (p<0.001) Conclusion: Combination of catfish nuggets and Omega-3 Eggs effective is increase the height for toddlers.
Correlation between Nutritional Status and Diarrhea in Toddlers at Slawi Health Center, Tegal, Central Java, Indonesia
Background: Diarrhea is a symptom of infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. It remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia that requires continued research and effective solutions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers at the Slawi Public Health Center, Tegal Regency. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the working area of the Slawi Public Health Center from June to July 2023. A total of 190 subjects were selected for the study. The dependent variable was the incidence of diarrhea, while the independent variable was nutritional status. Nutritional status data were collected using height-for-weight measurements. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Nutritional status was found to be associated with the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers. Toddlers with abnormal nutritional status had a 1.73 times higher risk of experiencing diarrhea compared to those with normal nutritional status, and this result was statistically significant (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.13–2.66; p = 0.005). Conclusion: Abnormal nutritional status is associated with a higher incidence of diarrhea among toddlers.
A Meta-Analysis of Gender, Marital Status, and Residence on Condom Use Among Adults
Background: The use of condoms is the only method of contraception that can protect a person from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of gender, marital status and residence on condom use among adults. Subject and Method: The systematic review and meta-analysis studies were conducted according to the PRISMA flowchart and PICO model. Population: Adults in general. Intervention: Gender (Female), Place of Residence (Rural) and Marital Status (Unmarried) in using condoms. Comparison: gender (male), place of residence (urban), and marital status (married). Outcome: condom use. The basic data used involves Google Scholar, PubMed, BMC, Scient Direct, and Springer Link with the keywords (“Use condom”) AND (“Gender”) AND (“Marital status”) AND (“Adult”) AND (“Cross -sectional”). Inclusion criteria were cross-sectional study articles in English published from 2014 to 2024. Data analysis was carried out using the Review Manager 5.3 application. Result: This meta-analysis included 14 cross-sectional studies from Ethiopia, Iran, Africa, and America. The sample size in this meta-analysis was 18,322. Meta-analysis showed that condom use was less in women (aOR= 0.66; 95% CI= 1.20 to 0.36; p 0.170), and more in rural areas (aOR= 0.80; 95% CI= 0.66 to 0.98; p= 0.620), with unmarried status (aOR = 0.92 CI 95%= 1.97 to 0.43; p 0.830). However, these three results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Condom use is less among women and more in rural areas with unmarried status.
Unlocking Maternal Potential: A Pathway Analysis of Information, Motivation, and Skills Application on Child Development in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Background: Toddlers (ages 0-5 years) are a golden period in human development. In this period, there is rapid development in various aspects, such as physical, cognitive, language, social, and emotional. Mother's behavior in providing stimulation and care can affect the development of toddlers. This study focuses on the analysis of the influence of the Information Motivation Behavior Skill Model application on maternal behavior for the development of toddlers. Subjects and Method: This study is a cross-sectional study conducted at 25 integrated health posts in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta from April to May 2024. The sample consisted of 200 mothers of toddlers aged 24-60 months who were selected using the simple random sampling method. The dependent variable in this study was maternal behavior in nurturing the development of toddlers. The independent variables were maternal information/knowledge, maternal motivation, maternal behavior skills, and maternal income. Data collection was carried out by interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis was using path analysis. Results: The results of path analysis show that maternal behavior in nurturing the development of toddlers is positively related to good behavioral skills. (OR= 1.22; CI 95%= 0.70-0.80; p< 0.001). Maternal behavioral skills are influenced by information (OR= 1.35; CI 95%= 0.899-1.90; p<0.001) and motivation (OR= 1.36; CI 95%= 0.82-1.89; p<0.001). The path analysis model showed good fit (p= 0.134 (>0.05); RSMEA= 0.06 (<0.08); CFI= 0.98 (>0.90); TLI= 0.97). Conclusion: Maternal behavior in nurturing toddler development is directly influenced by maternal behavioral skills, maternal information/knowledge, maternal income. Mother's behavior in nurturing toddler development is indirectly influenced by information on maternal behavior through maternal behavior skills and maternal motivation towards maternal behavior through maternal behavior skills. Thus, the Information Motivation Behavior Skill Model can be used to improve maternal behavior in nurturing toddler development.
Information Motivation Behavior Skill Model
Exploring Factors Impacting Oral Health Behavior in Children with Special Needs
Background: Oral health is a reflection of general health. Children with disabilities are more prone to problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease compared to children in general due to various factors. Indonesia has 3.3% of children with disabilities aged 5 to 17 years old. Families, especially mothers, play a crucial role in maintaining the dental health of children with disabilities because they are responsible for meeting basic needs and oral hygiene. The Health Belief Model theory can be used to understand parental behavior related to the health of children's oral cavity. This study aims to examine the influence of factors in HBM theory on the oral health of children with special needs. Subjects and Method: This study uses a cross-sectional method conducted at Sukoharjo and B-C YPPALB Langenharjo schools for special needs children, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 200 parents or guardians of children with disabilities were obtained by random sampling. The bound variable was in the form of oral health behavior while the independent variable was in the form of vulnerability perception, severity perception, benefit perception, obstacle perception, stimulus to act, and self-efficacy. The results of the study were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results: Oral Health Behavior increases with increased perception of vulnerability (b= 0.11; 95% CI= 0.11 to 0.21; p= 0.030), perception of severity (b= 0.16; 95% CI= 0.17 to 0.30; p= 0.028), perception of benefit (b= 0.12; 95% CI= 0.16 to 0.22; p= 0.024), stimulus to act (b= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.11 to 0.35; p= 0.037), and self-efficacy (b= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.11 to 0.26; p=0.000) and decreases with increasing perception of barriers (b= -0.15; 95% CI= -0.20 to - 0.11; p=<0.000). Conclusion: Perception of vulnerability, perception of severity, perception of benefit, stimulus to act and self-efficacy increase oral health behavior and perception of obstacles decreases oral health behavior.
The Differences in Characteristics of Preeclampsia Before and During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has entered Indonesia since 2020 and has become a global pandemic. In the pre-pandemic period, Preeclampsia was one of the main causes of death of pregnant women in Indonesia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mortality rate of pregnant women and childbirth due to preeclampsia has the possibility of an increase. The cause of preeclampsia in pregnant women is not yet known. Early detection of risk factors and early treatment of preeclampsia are not carried out quickly and appropriately due to social restrictions due to the pandemic. Subject and Method: This study is a systematic review literature review conducted on selected databases (PubMed, Science Direcet, Unair Repository) with a publication year between 2017 and 2022. Literature uses Indonesian and English. The literature included was literature with cohort, cross sectional, and case control methods. The quality assessment of the literature was carried out using the EPHPP (Effective Public Health Practice Project). Results: There were no significant differences in Preeclampsia characteristics i.e. age at pregnancy, parity, and BMI in both periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, differences were found that only existed in the period during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely comorbid diseases and previous history of preeclampsia Conclusions: In the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women with preeclampsia did not show differences in outcomes in characteristics, but in the history of comorbid diseases and previous history of preeclampsia.
The Relationship Between Maternal Nutritional Status and the Incidence of Stunting: A Meta-Analysis
Background: Stunting remains a major global health concern, contributing to child mortality and long-term developmental consequences. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy plays a crucial role in determining child growth outcomes. Understanding this relationship is essential for developing effective nutritional interventions to prevent stunting. Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between maternal nutritional status and stunting in children under five. Relevant studies published between January 2019 and July 2024 were retrieved from PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and BMJ. Data from nine studies across Asia and Africa were analyzed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3. Results: The analysis revealed that underweight mothers had a 1.22 times higher risk of having stunted children, while overweight mothers had a 1.02 times higher risk. Both findings were statistically significant (p<0.001). These results highlight the critical influence of maternal nutritional status on child growth and the increased risk of stunting in both underweight and overweight mothers. Conclusion: Maternal nutrition during pregnancy plays a vital role in preventing stunting among children under five. Targeted nutritional interventions for underweight and overweight mothers are essential to improve maternal and child health outcomes. Strengthening maternal nutrition programs can significantly contribute to reducing global stunting rates.