The Impact of Sibling Age Gap, Stimulation, Father Involvement, and Parenting Stress on the Development of Children Aged 36-59 Months: A Multilevel Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2024.09.04.10Abstract
Background: Early childhood development (36-59 months) is a critical period that significantly influences a child's growth, learning and overall well-being. Providing high-quality early childhood care and education is essential to maximizing children's potential for later success, as it equips them with the skills and competencies necessary for their future development.
Subjects and Method: This study used a cross-sectional approach conducted in 28 Early Childhood Education (PAUD) in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java in August - September 2024. A total of 225 children aged 36-59 months were selected in this study with a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The dependent variable of this study was the development of children aged 36-59 months. The independent variables at level 1 were the age gap between children, parenting stimulation, father involvement and parenting stress. The independent variable at level 2 was Early Childhood Education (PAUD). Data were collected through questionnaires and the analysis of this study used multilevel multiple logistic regression and used STATA 13.
Results: This multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis concluded that age-appropriate child development at 36–59 months increased with longer age gaps between children (OR=2.06; CI 95%= 0.97 to 4.42; p = 0.061), high parenting stimulation (OR=2.04; CI 95%= 1.30 to 3.20; p = 0.002), father's involvement (OR=2.74; CI 95%= 1.22 to 6.15; p= 0.014).
Child development appropriate for the age of 36-59 months old decreased with high parenting stress (OR=0.34; 95% CI= 0.20 to 0.57; p < 0.001). Early Childhood Education (PAUD) was not statistically significant in influencing early childhood development with ICC = 0.36%< 8-10%.
Conclusion: The development of children aged 36-59 months increased significantly with the age gap of children, nurturing stimulation, and father involvement in nurturing. Child development decreased with high parenting stress. Early Childhood Education (PAUD) has a low contextual effect on the development of children aged 36-59 months.
Keywords:
early childhood development, PAUD, multilevel analysisReferences
Adusei K, Manful E, Ofori‐Dua K, Yeboah EH (2024). Fathers' motivations and expectations from participating in early child care: a study in Ghanaian municipality. Fam Relat, 73:(3), 1840-1859. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.13003
Blair C, Raver C, Berry D (2014). Two approaches to estimating the effect of parenting on the development of executive function in early childhood..Dev Psychol, 50:(2), 554-565. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033647
Bohn C, Vogel M, Poulain T, Hiemisch A, Kieß W, Körner A (2022). Having siblings promotes a more healthy weight status—whereas only children are at greater risk for higher bmi in later childhood. Plos One, 17:(7), e0271676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271676
Brentani A, Ferrer APS, Bessa L, Chang SM, Walker S, Powell C , Fink G (2020). Survive and thrive in brazil: the boa vista early childhood program: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 21:(1), 390. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.22148/v1
Cuartas J, Rey‐Guerra C, McCoy DC, Hanno EC(2020). Maternal knowledge, stimulation, and early childhood development in low‐income families in Colombia. Child Dev, 25:(5), 526-534. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12335
Dennis M, Neece C, Fenning R (2018). Investigating the influence of parenting stress on child behavior problems in children with developmental delay: the role of parent-child relational factors. Adv Neurodev. Disord, 2:(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-017-0044-2
Duncan GJ, Lee KTH, Rosales-Rueda M, Kalil A (2018). Maternal age and child development. Demography, 55:(6), 2229-2255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0730-3
Emmers D, Jiang Q, Xue H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y , Rozelle S (2021). Early childhood development and parental training interventions in rural China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Global Health, 6:(8), e005578. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005578
Feng Q, Loh CA, Meng F, Bu T, He Q (2021). The effect of a sibling on the first-born child’s health: evidence from two-child families in China. ERI, 35:(1), 676-691. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2021.1931912
Feng Y (2023). The relationship between parenting styles and secondary child mental health in second-child families: the mediating role played by sibling relationships. LNEP, 6:(1), 556-563. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/6/20220498
Jiang Q, Wang D, Yang Z, Choi J (2022). Bidirectional relationships between parenting stress and child behavior problems in multi‐stressed, single‐mother families: a cross‐lagged panel model. Fam. Process, 62:(2), 671-686. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12796
Kemenkes (2018). Survei kesehatan dasar Indonesia (RISKESDAS) (Indonesian Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas)). Jakarata: Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia
Kemenkes (2023). Survei kesehatan indonesia dalam angka tahun 2023 (Indonesian Health Survey in Numbers in 2023). Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia
Lestari, R H, Alam, S. K (2020, February). Mother’s Perception of Father’s Involvement in Developing Social–Emotional Development of Early Childhood. In 3rd International Conference on Learning Innovation and Quality Education (ICLIQE 2019) (pp. 83-89). Atlantis Press.
Lotto C, Altafim E, Linhares M (2021). Maternal history of childhood adversities and later negative parenting: a systematic review. SAGE Open, 24:(2), 662-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211036076
Lunkenheimer, E (2024). Parent–child coregulation as a dynamic system: a commentary on Wass et al.(2024). JCCP, 65:(5), 729-732.
Madsen E, Smith‐Nielsen J, Egmose I, Lange T, Væver M (2021). The impact of childhood adversity on parenting stress is mediated by adult attachment and depressive symptoms. Scand. J Psychol, 63:(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12788
Mansur H, Setyaningsih W (2022). Analysis of parents’ factors in providing developmental stimulation among pre-school age children in Pakis sub-district, Malang, East Java. PHPMA, 9:(1). https://doi.org/10.53638/phpma.2021.v9.i1.p04 Public health and preventive medicine archive
Mardiyanti M. and Case A. S (2021). Developmental assessment and early intervention for children with developmental delays: a case study in South Australia. Belitung Nurs. J, 7:(3), 251-259. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1480
Nabuuma D (2024). Child feeding practices and male involvement in child feeding among smallholder farming households in Uganda. INT. J Agric. Sci, 8:(1), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.1.5
Pablo LA, Erkhembayar R, Davison C (2021). Father presence, father engagement, and specific health and developmental outcomes of mongolian pre-school children. Children, 8:(7), 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8070584
BPS (2022). Profil anak usia dini (Early Childhood Profile). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Ray J (2024). Single mothers' perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion, parenting stress, adverse childhood experiences in early childhood and black children's behavior problems in middle childhood and adolescence. J Community Psychol, 52:(4), 599-610. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.23115
Rodrigues LP, Luz C, Cordovil R, Mendes R, Alexandre R, Lopes VP (2021). Siblings’ influence on the motor competence of preschoolers. Children, 8:(3), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8030204
Sa’adah K (2024). Hubungan peran orang tua, penggunaan gadget dan kebiasaan jajan terhadap perkembangan emosional anak usia pra-sekolah di Pondok Pesantren Walisongo (The relationship between the role of parents, the use of gadgets and the habits of buying snacks on the emotional development of pre-school age children at the Walisongo Islamic Boarding School). ISJNMS, 3:(07), 1320-1326. https://doi.org/10.54402/isjnms.v3i07.431
Saptarini I, Rizkianti A, Arfines P P, Maisya I B (2021). Associations Between Parental Depression and Early Childhood Development in Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study. J Prev Med Public Health, 54:(6), 451.
Sun X (2020). Analysis on the role of emotional communication in the relationship of siblings with an age gap from two-child families. Proceedings of the 2020 4th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200826.091
Symeonides C, Vuillermin P, Sciberras E, Senn E, Thomson S, Wardrop N , Ponsonby A (2021). Importance of accounting for sibling age when examining the association between family size and early childhood cognition, language and emotional behaviour: a birth cohort study. BMJ Open, 11:(3), e041984. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041984
Ward K and Lee S (2020). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting stress, responsiveness, and child wellbeing among low-income families. Child Youth Serv. Rev, 116, 105218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105218
Zhang J, Guo S, Liu Y, Wei Q, Zhang C, Wang X , Scherpbier, R (2018). Factors influencing developmental delay among young children in poor rural China: a latent variable approach. BMJ Open, 8:(8), e021628. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021628
Zhang Y, Razza R (2022). Father involvement, couple relationship quality, and maternal Postpartum Depression: the role of ethnicity among low-income families. MHC, 26:(7), 1424–1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-022-03407-4
