Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Its Association with Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy among Mothers Giving Birth during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Brief Report
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.04.05Abstract
Background: Breast milk is the best nutrition for most infants, and current recommendations encourage mothers to keep giving breast milk during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and its association with breastfeeding self-efficacy in lactating women during COVID-19 pandemic.
Subjects and Method: This is an analytic cross-sectional study involving mothers giving birth since March 2020 and their infants aged under 6 months. An online-based questionnaire, including the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF), was distributed through social media from April to September 2020. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding rate, and the independent variables were BSES-SF score, mother working status, educational level, place of birth, birth method, and COVID-19 status.
Results: There were 113 respondents, and the rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 79.6%. Self-efficacy score in mothers who give exslusive breastfeeding (Mean= 58.4; SD= 0.8) was higher than non exclusive breastfeeding (Mean= 44.8; SD= 13.4) and it was statisfically significant (p <0.001).
Conclusion: This study showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic exclusive breastfeeding rate might remain high in populartions with good breastfeeding self-efficacy.
Keywords:
exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding self-efficacy, child nutrition, COVID-19References
Ahmad AR, Murad HR (2020). The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqic Kurdistan: online questionnaire study. J Med Internet Res. 22: 1-11. doi: 10.2196/19556.
Ananta Y, Gandaputra E, Waiman E, Partiwi IGAN, Marzuki NS, Yohmi E, et al. (2016). Exclusive breast-feeding rate and factors associated with infant feeding practices in Indonesia. Paediatr Indones. 56: 24-31. doi: 10.14238/pi56.1.2016.24-31.
Bhatt N (2020). Breastfeeding in India is disrupted as mothers and babies are separated in the pandemic. BMJ, 370: 1-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3316.
Brockway M, Benzies K, Hayden KA (2017). Interventions to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and resultant breastfeeding rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Lact, 33: 486-99. doi: 10.1177/0890334417707957.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Care for Breastfeeding Women. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/care-for-breastfeeding-women.html. (Accessed December 2020).
Central Bureau of Statistics (2018). Percentage of infants aged less than 6 months who gained exclusive breastfeeding by province. Online . Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2018/06/05/1430/persentase-bayi-usia-kurang-dari-6-bulan-yang-mendapatkan-asi-eksklusif-menurut-provinsi-2015-2016.html. (Accessed Septem-ber 1, 2020).
Dennis C (2003). The breastfeeding self-efficacy scale: psychometric assessment of the short form. JOGNN, 32: 734-44. doi: 10.117/08842175032-58459.
Handayani L, Kosnin A, Jiar YK, Solikhah (2013). Translation and validation of breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form (BSES-SF) into Indone-sian: a pilot study. KES MAS. 7: 21-6. doi: 10.12928/kesmas.v7i1.1023.
Islam S, Sarkar T, Khan SH, Kamal AHM, Hasan SMM, Kabir A, et al. (2020). COVID-19-Related infodemic and its impact on public health: a global social media analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 00: 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812.
Nanishi K, Green J, Taguri M, Jimba M. (2015). Determining a cut-off point for scores of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form: secondary data analysis of an intervention study in Japan. PloS One, 10: 1-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480881/#.
Nankumbi J, Mukama AA, Ngabirano TD (2019). Predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy among women attending an urban postnatal clinic, Uganda. Nursing Open, 6: 765-71. doi: 10.1002/nop2.257.
Otsuka K, Taguri M, Dennis C, Wakutani K, Awano M, Yamaguchi T, et al. (2014). Effectiveness of a breast-feeding self-efficacy intervention: do hospital practices make a different? Matern Child Health, 18: 296-306. doi: 10.1007/s10995-013-1265-2.
Tuthill EL, McGrath JM, Graber M, Cusson RM, Young SL (2016). Breastfeeding self-efficacy: a critical review of available instruments. J Hum Lact, 32: 35-45. doi: 10.1177/0890334415599533.
The World Bank (2019). Individuals using the internet (% population) Indonesia. Online. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=ID. (Accessed September 2, 2020).
Wardani MA (2012). Breastfeeding self-efficacy in primigravide mothers. Thesis. University of Indonesia. Available from: http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2F20311620-S433-69-Gambaran+tingkat.pdf. (Accessed March 2, 2020).
Williams J, Namazova-Baranova L, We-ber M, Vural M, Mestrovic J, Carrasco-Sanz A, et al. (20202). The importance of continuing breast-feeding during Coronavirus Disease-2019: in support of the World Health Organization Statement on breastfeeding during the pandemic. J Pediatr, 223: 234-6. doi: 10.10-16/j.jpeds.2020.05.009.
World Health Organization (2020). Breastfeeding and COVID-19. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/breastfeeding-and-covid-19. (Accessed September 1, 2020).
Yang X, Gao LL, Ip WY, Chan WCS (2016). Predictors of breast feeding self-efficacy in the immediate postpartum period: a cross-sectional study. Midwifery, 41: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.011.
Yohmi E, Marzuki NS, Nainggolan E, Partiwi IGAN, Syarif BH, Oswari H (2015). Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia: a qualitative and quantitative study. Paediatr Indos, 55(6): 302-8. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi55.6.2015.302-8.
