Meta-Analysis the Effect of Obesity and Stress on Menstrual Cycle Disorder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.04.04Abstract
Background: There are many factors that influence menstrual patterns to become irregular, including stress and obesity. Menstrual cycle irregularities can have a serious impact on women's health, which will affect the metabolic, fertility, sexual and reproductive systems. This study aims to analyze the influence of obesity and stress on menstrual cycle disorders with a meta-analysis study.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic study and meta-analysis, with the following PICO, Population= women of childbearing age. Intervention= obesity and stress. Comparison = not obese and not stressed. Outcome = disruption of the menstrual cycle. The articles used in this study were obtained from several databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. The keywords used are "menstrual disorder and obesity and stress", "obesity and menstrual irregularity", "obesity OR stress AND menstrual irregularity OR cross sectional study". The articles included in this study are full text articles with a cross sectional study design. Articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.
Results: Meta-analysis of 8 observational studies showed that obese women were 4 times more likely to have menstrual cycle disorders than normal weight (aOR= 4.19; 95% CI= 1.99 to 8.84; p= 0.002). Meta-analysis of 6 observational studies showed that women with stress had a risk of experiencing menstrual cycle disorders 1.28 times compared to women who did not experience stress (aOR= 1.28; 95% CI= 1.13 to 1.45; p = 0.001).
Conclusion: Obesity and stress affect menstrual cycle disorders.
Keywords:
obesity, stress, menstrual cycle disorders, meta-analysisReferences
Abdella ADNH, Abd-Elhalim A, Fathy Attia, D. A. M. (2016). The body mass index and menstrual problems among adolescent students. IOSR J Nurs Health Sci. 05(04): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.9790/1950504021321.
Campbell MA, Mcgrath PJ (1997). Use of medication by adolescents for the management of menstrual discomfort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 151(9): 905-13. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170460043007.
Castillo-Martínez L, López-Alvarenga JC, Villa AR, González-Barranco J (2003). Menstrual cycle length disorders in 18- to 40-y-old obese women. Nutr. 19(4): 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S08999007(02)00998X.
Center for Evidence Based Management. (2014). Critical appraisal checklist for cross-sectional study.
Chang PJ, Chen PC, Hsieh CJ, Chiu LT (2009). Risk factors on the menstrual cycle of healthy Taiwanese college nursing students. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 49(6): 689–694. https://-doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01-097.x.
Chavez-MacGregor M, Elias SG, Onland-Moret NC, Van DSYT, Van GCH, Monninkhof E, Grobbee DE, Peeters PHM (2005). Postmenopausal breast cancer risk and cumulative number of menstrual cycles. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14(4): 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.-EPI-04-0465.
Diaz A, Laufer MR, Breech LL (2006). Menstruation in girls and adolescents: Using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Pediatr. 118(5): 2245–2250. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2481.
Ganesan DK, Krishnan GK, Chitharaj RR, Boopathirajan R (2019). A cross-sec-tional study on relationship between body mass index and menstrual irregularity among rural women in Tamil Nadu. Int J Community Med Public Health. 6(11): 4635. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20194-561.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI (2019a). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI (2019b). Remaja Putri yang Obesitas Berisiko Depresi (Obese Teenage Girls are at Risk for Depression). Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Kumar S, Kelly AS (2017). Review of child-hood obesity: From epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 92(2): 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017.
Lin HT, Lin LC, Shiao JSC (2007). The impact of self-perceived job stress on menstrual patterns among Taiwanese nurses. Industrial Health. 45(5): 709–714. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhea-lth.45.709
Moreno LA, Mesana M, González-Gross M, Gil CM, Ortega FB, Fleta J, Wärnberg J, et al. (2007). Body fat distribution reference standards in Spanish ado-lescents: The AVENA Study. Int J Obesity. 31(12): 1798–1805. https://-doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803670
Murti, B. (2018). Prinsip dan Metode Riset Epidemiologi (Edisi V) (Principles and Methods of Epidemiological Re-search (V). (Universitas Sebelas Maret (ed.); V). Bintang Fajar Offset.
Nath A, Garg S (2008). Adolescent friendly health services in India: A need of the hour. Indian J Med Sci. 62(11): 465–472. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5-359.48461.
Palm-Fischbacher S, Ehlert U (2014). Dis-positional resilience as a moderator of the relationship between chronic stress and irregular menstrual cycle. J of Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 35(2): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.3109/016-7482X.2014.912209.
Rad M, Sabzevary TM, Dehnavi MZ (2018). Association between menstrual dis-orders and obesity-related anthropo-metric indices in female high school students: A cross-sectional study. Int J School Health. 5(2): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5812/intjsh.65716.
Rafique N, Al-Sheikh MH (2018). Prevalence of menstrual problems and their association with psychological stress in young female students studying health sciences. Saudi Med J. 39(1): 67–73. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.1.21438.
Rakhmawati A, Dieny FF (2013). Hubungan obesitas dengan kejadian gangguan siklus menstruasi pada wanita dewasa muda (The relationship between obesity and the incidence of menstrual cycle disorders in young adult women). J Nutr Coll. 2(1): 214–222. https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v2i1.2106.
Reavey JJ, Duncan WC, Brito-Mutunayagam S, Reynolds RM, Critchley HOD (2020). Obesity and menstrual disorders. In Obesity and Gynecology. INC. https://doi.org/10.1016/b9780128179192.00019x.
Seif MW, Diamond K, Nickkho-Amiry M (2015). Obesity and menstrual dis-orders. Best Prac Res: Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 29(4): 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.10.010.
Septian R, Ahaddini, Widyastuti N, Probosari E (2017). Konsumsi fitoestrogen, persen lemak tubuh dan siklus menstruasi pada wanita vegetarian (Phytoestrogen consumption, percent body fat and menstrual cycle in vegetarian women). J Nutr Coll. 6(2): 180-190.https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v6i2.16908.
Sommer M, Phillips-Howard PA, Mahon T, Zients S, Jones M, Caruso BA (2017). Beyond menstrual hygiene: Addressing vaginal bleeding throughout the life course in low and middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health. 2(2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh2017000405.
Wei S, Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Norman RJ, Venn AJ (2009). Obesity and menstrual irregularity: Associations with SHBG, testosterone, and insulin. Obesity. 17(5): 1070–1076. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.641.
WHO (2020). Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
Xueyu Chen, Tang Y, Chen Y, Feng H, Zhu C, Tong M, Chen Q (2020). Is body mass index associated with irregular menstruation: A questionnaire study? BMC Women’s Health. 20(1): 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905020010854.
Yamamoto K, Okazaki A, Sakamoto Y, Funatsu M (2009). The relationship between premenstrual symptoms, menstrual pain, irregular menstrual cycles, and psychosocial stress among Japanese college students. J Physiol Anthropol. 28(3): 129–136. https://-doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.28.129.
Zhou X, Yang X (2020). Association between obesity and oligomenorrhea or irregular menstruation in Chinese women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 36(12): 1101-1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2020.1803823.
