Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Anxiety During Pregnancy on the Risk of Premature Birth and Low Birth Weight in Infants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.05.08Abstract
Background: Pregnancy can be defined as the process of meeting spermatozoa with the ovum which is followed by attachment of the embryo to the uterine wall, in the process of pregnancy according to some or almost all women it becomes a happy process or causes anxiety due to the occurrence of many physiological and psychological changes, so that if it is not treated seriously then will have an impact on the baby such as premature birth and low birth weight. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the effect of anxiety during pregnancy on premature birth and low birth weight with a meta-analysis study.
Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and systematic review conducted with PRISMA flow diagrams. Population= pregnant women, Intervention= anxiety, Comparison= not anxious, Outcomes= premature birth and low birth weight. Search articles through journal databases include: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct. The articles used in this study are articles that have been published from 2000-2021. The keywords to search for articles were as follows: “antenatal anxiety” OR “pregnancy anxiety” OR “anxiety during pregnancy” OR “anxiety disorder” OR anxiety OR pregnancy AND “Perinatal outcomes” OR “adverse birth outcome” OR “neonatal outcome” OR “low birth weight” OR “Low Birth Weight” AND “preterm birth” OR “preterm infant”. The inclusion criteria were full text with a cohort study design, articles in English, analysis used multivariate with adjusted odds ratio. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman5 application.
Results: 10 observational studies showed that anxiety during pregnancy increased the risk of preterm delivery by 1.49 times compared with no anxiety (aOR=1.49; 95% CI 1.33 to 1.66; p<0.001). A meta-analysis of 7 observational studies showed that anxiety during pregnancy increased the risk of low birth weight by 1.55 times compared with no anxiety (aOR=1.55; 95% CI 1.26 to 1.91; p<0.001).
Conclusion: Anxiety during pregnancy increases the risk of premature birth and low birth weight.
Keywords:
pregnancy, anxiety, premature birth, low birth weightReferences
Alipour Z, Lamyian M, Hajizadeh E. (2012). Anxiety and fear of childbirth as predictors of postnatal depression in nulliparous women. Women and Birth, 25(3): e37–e43. doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2011.09.002.
Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Åström M, Bixo M (2004). Neonatal outcome following maternal antenatal depression and anxiety: A population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 159(9): 872–881. doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh122.
Bailey S (2012). Kangaroo mother care. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 73(5), 278–281. doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2012.73.5.278.
Berle J, Mykletun A, Daltveit AK, Rasmussen S, Holsten F, Dahl AA (2005). Neonatal outcomes in offspring of women with anxiety and depression during pregnancy: A linkage study from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 8(3): 181–189. doi.org/10.1007/s007370050090z.
Chandra PS, Bajaj A, Desai G, Satyanarayana VA, Sharp HM, Ganjekar S, Supraja TA, Jangam KV, Venkatram L, Kandavel T (2021). Anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnancy predict low birth weight differentially in male and female infants—findings from an urban pregnancy cohort in India. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. doi.org/10.1007/s00127021021069.
Ding XX, WuY Le, Xu SJ, Zhu RP, Jia XM, Zhang SF, Huang K, Zhu P, Hao JH, Tao FB (2014). Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159(81): 103–110. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.027
Dunkel Schetter C, Tanner L (2012). Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: Implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2): 141–148. doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503680
Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Yando R, Bendell D (2003). Pregnancy anxiety and comorbid depression and anger: Effects on the fetus and neonate. Depression and Anxiety, 17(3): 140–151. doi.org/10.1002/da.10071.
Gelaye B, Sanchez SE, Andrade A, Gómez O, Coker AL, Dole N, Rondon MB, Williams MA (2020). Association of antepartum depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder with infant birth weight and gestational age at delivery. Journal of Affective Disorders, 262: 310–316. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.006.
Gibson-Smith D, Bot M, Milaneschi Y, Twisk JW, Visser M, Brouwer Ia, Penninx BWJH (2015). Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and the association with adverse perinatal outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77: 22–27.
HE Nasreen Z. Kabir Y, Fand ME (2010). Low birth weight in offspring of women with depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: results from a population based study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 1471–2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471245810515.
Maryunani A. (2016). Asuhan Kegawatdaruratan Dalam Kebidanan. TIM.
Murti B. (2018). Prinsip Dan Metode Riset Epidemiologi (V) (Principles and Methods of Epidemiological Research (V)). Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat.
Nasreen HE, Pasi HB, Rifin SM, Aris MAM, Rahman JA, Rus RM, Edhborg M. (2019). Impact of maternal antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms on birth outcomes and mode of delivery: A prospective cohort study in east and west coasts of Malaysia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1): 1–11. doi.org/10.1186/s1288401923499.
Pavlov M, Steiner N, Kessous R, Weintraub AY, Sheiner E (2014). Obstetric and neonatal outcome in patients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 27(13), 1339–1342. doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2013.858242.
Rauchfuss M, Maier B (2011). Biopsychosocial predictors of preterm delivery. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 39(5), 515–521. doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2011.067.
Stuart GW (1981). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. In AJN, American Journal of Nursing. 81(12). doi.org/10.1097/0000044619811200000038.
Taheri PA, Goudarzi Z, Shariat M, Nariman S, Matin EN (2018). The effect of a short course of moderate pressure sunflower oil massage on the weight gain velocity and length of NICU stay in preterm infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 50: 22–27. doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.11.002.
Yonkers KA, Gilstad-Hayden K, Forray A, Lipkind HS (2017). Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and Benzodiazepine Treatment during pregnancy with risk of adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(11): 1145–1152. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2733.
