Association Between Food Plastic Packaging and Dysmenorrhea in Female Adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2022.07.01.08Abstract
Background: Most women experience certain pain and difficulty during menstruation or what is known as dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological problem and is the most frequently reported chief complaint in women. Dysmenorrhea is defined as cramping in the lower abdomen that occurs before or during menstruation. The use of plastic as food and beverage packaging is still a commonly used in the community. Plastic contains several compounds, including phthalates and bisphenol-A (BPA) which have potential as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Menstruation and dysmenorrhea are closely related to hormonal system disorders. This study aims to analyze the relationship between food plastic exposure and the incidence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents.
Subjects and Method: The design in this study is observational analytic with a cohort approach. This study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga with a population of midwifery students. The sampling technique used was total sampling with a total of 149 subjects. The dependent variable was. dysmenorrhea. The independent variable was food plastic exposure. The instruments used were a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire and a food plastic exposure questionnaire. The data collection was taken in 2 menstrual cycles. Data were analyzed by chi-square test.
Results: The results showed that 71.8% of the subjects experienced moderate level of exposure to food plastic. Dysmenorrhea reported that 128 subjects (86%) had dysmenorrhea. In VAS assess-ment, most of the subjects which was 43% experienced mild pain. This study showed that there was a relationship between exposure to plastic food and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in adolescents (p= 0.049).
Conclusion: There is a relationship between exposure to plastic food and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in adolescents.
Keywords:
Plastics, BPA, Phthalates, EDCs, DysmenorrheaReferences
Armour M, Parry K, Manohar N, Holmes K, Ferfolja T, Curry C, MacMillan F, et al. (2019). The prevalence and academic impact of dysmenorrhea in 21,573 young women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 28(8): 1161-1171. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7615.
Atay E, Ertekin A, Bozkurt E, and Aslan E. (2020). Impact of bisphenol a on neural tube development in 48-hr chicken embryos. Birth Defects Res. 112(17): 1386–1396. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1791.
Barcikowska Z, Rajkowska-Labon E, Grzybowska M, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, and Zorena K (2020). Inflammatory markers in dysmenorrhea and therapeutic options. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17(4): 1–14. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041191.
Bezuidenhout, S. and Mahlaba, K. J. (2018). Dysmenorrhoea : an overview’, 85 (4), pp. 19–25.
Fang L, Gu C, Liu X, Xie J, Hou Z, Tian M, Yin J, et al. (2017). Metabolomics study on primary dysmenorrhea patients during the luteal regression stage based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Mol. Med. Rep. 15(3): 1043–1050. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6116.
Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Archer J (2020). Primary dysmenorrhea: diagnosis and therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 136(5): 1047–1058. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096.
Gys C, Bastiaensen M, Bruckers L, Colles A, Govarts E, Martin L, Verheyen V, et al. (2021). Determinants of exposure levels of bisphenols in flemish adolescents. Environ. Res. 193: 110567. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110567.
Huo X, Chen D, He Y, Zhu W, Zhou W, and Zhang J (2015). Bisphenola and female infertility: A possible role of gene-environment interactions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 12(9): 11101–11116. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120911101.
Hu, Z, Tang L, Chen L, Kaminga A, and Xu H (2020). Prevalence and risk factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea among chinese female university students: a crosssectional study. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 33(1): 15–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2019.09.004.
Ilmiawati C, Reza M, Rahmatini, Rustam E (2017). Edukasi pemakaian plastik sebagai kemasan makanan dan minuman serta risikonya terhadap kesehatan pada komunitas di Kecamatan Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang (Education of the use of plastic as food and beverage packaging and their risks to health in the community of Bungus Teluk Kabung District, Padang). Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat. 1(1): 20–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.25077/logista.1.1.2028.2017.
Joshi T, Patil A, Kural M, Noor N, Pandit D (2015). Menstrual characteristics and prevalence of dysmenorrhea in college going girls. Fam Med. 4(3): 426. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.161345.
Karsauliya K, Bhateria M, Sonker A, Singh S (2021). Determination of bisphenol analogues in infant formula products from india and evaluating the health risk in infants asssociated with their exposure. J. Agric. Food Chem. 69(13): 3932–3941. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00129.
Ma Y, Liu H, Wu J, Yuan L, Wang Y, Du X, Wang R (2019). The adverse health effects of bisphenol a and related toxicity mechanisms. Environ. Res. 176. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108-575.
Park SM, Chung CW (2021). Effects of a dietary modification intervention on menstrual pain and urinary BPA levels: a single group clinical trial. BMC Women. 21(1): 1–10. doi: 10.11¬86/s12905-021-01199-3.
Rolfo A, Nuzzo A, De Amicis R, Moretti L, Bertoli S, and Leone A. (2020). Fetal–maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors: Correlation with diet intake and pregnancy outcomes. Nutrients. 12(6): 1–19. doi: 10.3390/nu12061744.
Samba CC, Akwo Kretchy I, Asiedu-Danso M, Allotey-Babington G (2019). Complementary and alternative medicine use for primary dysmenorrhea among senior high school students in the Western Region of Ghana. Obstet Gynecol Int. doi: 10.1155/2019/8059471.
Wulanda C, Luthfi A, Hidayat R (2020). Efektifitas senam disminore pada pagi dan sore hari terhadap penanganan nyeri haid pada remaja putri saat haid di SMPN 2 Bangkinang Kota Thun 2019 (The effectiveness of dysmenorrhea exercises in the morning and evening on the management of menstrual pain in young women during menstruation at SMPN 2 Bang-kinang, Thun City 2019). Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai. 1(1): 1–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v1i1.1062
Yoon K, Kwack S, Kim, Hyung S, Lee B (2014). Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Molecular mechanisms of actions on putative human diseases. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 17(3): 127–174. doi:10.1080/10937404.2014.882194
Zlatnik MG (2016). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Health. J Midwifery Womens Health. 61(4): 442–455. doi: 10.1111¬/¬jmwh.12500.