Meta Analysis: Effects of Family Support, Family Income, and Domestic Violence on Postpartum Depression
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2023.08.06.12Abstract
Background: Postpartum depression is a form of depression that occurs during the puerperium with specific symptoms that appear 4-6 weeks after delivery and can last for months, affecting the happiness and emotional relationship between mother and child. This study aims to analyze the effect and estimate the size of the effect of family support, family income levels and domestic violence on the incidence of depression among postpartum women with a meta-analysis.
Subject and Method: The meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart and the PICO model. Population: postpartum mothers. Intervention: strong family support, high family income levels and domestic violence. Comparison: weak family support, low family income level and no domestic violence. Outcome: postpartum depression. The online databases used are Google Scholar, Hindawi, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and ResearchGate. There were 18 cross-sectional studies published in 2013-2023 that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3.
Results: Meta-analysis of 18 articles with cross-sectional research designs from different countries, with a sample size of 29,638 research subjects. The results of the meta-analysis show that there is an effect of family support on the risk of postpartum depression. Mothers who received high family support had a risk of experiencing postpartum depression by 0.69 times lower compared to those who received low family support (aOR= 0.69; 95% CI= 0.38 to 1.27; p=0.240). Mothers with high family income levels have a risk of experiencing postpartum depression by 0.50 times lower compared to low family income levels (aOR= 0.50; 95% CI= 0.28 to 0.90; p=0.020). Mothers who experience domestic violence have a risk of postpartum depression by 4.20 times higher compared to those who do not experience domestic violence and the relationship is statistically significant (aOR=4.20; CI 95% =2.56 hingga 6.88; p<0.001).
Conclusion: Strong family support and high levels of family income reduce the risk of postpartum depression. Meanwhile, domestic violence increases the risk of postpartum depression.
Keywords: Postpartum Depression, Family suport, Family income, Domestic violence.
Correspondence: Noris Hadi Sri Mulyani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: hadinoris@gmail.com. Mobile: 08157996639
References
Abadiga M (2019). Magnitude and associated factors of postpartum depression among women in Nekemte town, East Wollega zone, west Ethiopia, 2019 A community-based study. PLoS ONE. 14(11). https://doi.org /10.1371/journal.pone. 0224792.
Adeyemo EO, Oluwole EO, Kanma-Okafor OJ, Izuka OM, Odeyemi KA (2020). Prevalence and predictors of post-partum depression among postnatal women in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr. Health Sci. 20(4): 1943–1954. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs. v20i4.53.
Adamu AF, Adinew YM (2018) Domestic violence as a risk factor for postpartum depression among Ethiopian women: facility based study.Clin. Pract. Epidemiology Ment. 14(1): 109–119. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901814010109.
Ahmad NA, Silim UA, Rosman A, Mohamed M, Chan YY, Kasim MN, Yusof M, et al (2018). Postnatal depression and intimate partner violence: A nation-wide clinic-based cross-sectional study in Malaysia. BMJ Open. 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen2017020649.
Alam MM, Haque T, Uddin KMR, Ahmed S, Islam MM, Hawlader MDH (2021). The prevalence and determinants of postpartum depression (PPD) symptomatology among facility delivered mothers of Dhaka city. Asian J Psychiatr. 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102673.
Al-Sattam (2022). Postpartum depression among mothers attending primary health care centers, Iraq 2019. AMJ. AMJ. 62(4): 0005–2523.
Azad R, Fahmi R, Shrestha S, Joshi H, Hasan M, Khan ANS, Chowdhury MAK, Arifeen S, Billah SM (2019). Prevalence and risk factors of post-partum depression within one year after birth in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215735
Govender D, Naidoo S, Taylor M. (2020) Antenatal and postpartum depression: prevalence and associated risk factors among adolescents’ in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Depress Res Treat. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/ 5364521.
Hanim LM (2022). Depresi postpartum kajian pentingnya dukungan sosial pada ibu pasca salin: vol. cetakan pertama (Postpartum depression studies the importance of social support for postpartum mothers: vol. first print). CV. Adanu Abimata.
Kebede AA, Gessesse DN, Aklil MB, Temesgan WZ, Abegaz MY, Anteneh, TA, Tibebu NS, et al. (2022) Low husband involvement in maternal and child health services and intimate partner violence increases the odds of postpartum depression in northwest Ethiopia: A community-based study. PLoS ONE. 17(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0276809
Kızılırmak A, Calpbinici P, Tabakan G, Kartal B (2021). Correlation between postpartum depression and spousal support and factors affecting postpartum depression. Health Care Women Int. 42(12): 1325–1339. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07399332.2020.1764562
Modjadji P, Mokwena K (2020). Postnatal depression screening among post-partum women attending postnatal care at selected community health centres situated in the nkangala district of South Africa. Open Public Health J. 13(1): 696–704. https://doi.org/10.2174/-1874944502013010696.
Mohammed ES, Mosalem FA, Mahfouz EM, ElHameed AMA. (2014) Predictors of postpartum depression among rural women in Minia, Egypt: An epidemiological study. Oxf. 128(9): 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.06.006.
Mulyani C, Dekawaty A, Suzanna S (2022). Faktor-faktor penyebab depresi pasca persalinan (Factors causing post-partum depression). IPM2KPE. 6(1): 635–649. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks. v5i2.3462
Munisah M, Ika R, Yuliati L, Hanum DF (2021). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya depresi pascapersalinan (Factors that influence the occurrence of postpartum depression). IJMT . 1(1). https://doi.org/10.30-587/ ijmt.v1i1. 3318
Nugrahaeni MT, Prasetya H, Murti B (2023). Effects of marital status and social support on antenatal depression: a meta-analysis. JHPB. 02: 102–115.
Rahmadhani W, Kusumastuti K, Chamroen P (2022). Prevalence and determinants of postpartum depression among adolescent mothers. Int. J. Health Sci. 6(2):533–544. https://doi.org/10.53730/ ijhs.v6n2.6422
Randhawa A, Chaudhary N, Brar M, Verma V, Munder S. (2021) A community-based cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of post-partum depression: why are the mothers depressed?. Fam. Med. Prim. 10(12):4536. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2532_20.
Martinez-Vázquez S, Hernández-Martínez A, Rodríguez-Almagro J, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Martínez-Galiano JM. (2022). Relationship between perceived obstetric violence and the risk of postpartum depression: An observational study. Midwifery 108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103297.
Wake GE, Fitie GW, Ashenafi B, Tadese M, Tessema SD (2022) Magnitude and determinant factors of postpartum depression among mothers attending their postnatal and vaccination services at public health institutions of addis ababa, Ethiopia. Front. Public Health. 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh. 2022. 882205
Xayyabouapha A, Sychareun V, Quyen BTT, Thikeo M, Durham J. (2022) Prevalence and risk factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms among women in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Front. Public Health. 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.791385
